Moving Water Canoe Intermediate Solo Skills Resource Manual

Acknowledgements

The Paddle Canada Moving Water Canoe Intermediate Solo is the product of significant commitment by the Canoe Program Development Committee and its subcommittee members. To these individuals and all others that helped design and sculpt this program Paddle Canada extends a sincere “Thank you.”

Moving Water Canoe Sub Committee

Priscilla Haskin, Chair - Alberta

Andrew Westwood - Ontario

Jason Prno - Ontario

Chris Wall - Saskatchewan

Illustration Credits (unless otherwise noted on page)

Andrew Haskin - Manoeuvres and Strokes

Paul Mason - River Signals and Canoe Design

Carole Westwood - CAPT Chart

Introduction

The Moving Water Intermediate Solo program extends the skills of the Introduction level by adding navigating and carving using wave troughs to move laterally and downstream in Class II rivers. This manual has been provided to help instructors better structure and facilitate their programs, offering clearer instructions and best practices for course delivery. It emerges from our evolving understanding of how to teach moving water canoeing in an effective and efficient manner.

Paddler’s will advance their skill and knowledge to further unlock the potential of the canoe in the moving water environment.

Resource Manual Changelog

First edition

Mission Statement

To support participants to the exciting world of Class II moving water canoeing while emphasizing boat control, reading the river and safe practice.

Pedagogy - Paddler-Centred Learning and Progression

Participants are typically entering the course with the goal of experiencing Class II moving water. Paddle Canada’s teaching methods favour paddler participation.

The IDEAS and IES methods of teaching are highly recommended as foundational presentation methods for Paddle Canada instructors. They provide a proven, paddler-centred approach to course delivery across the country. Learning is enhanced when participants are engaged and active in the discovery of paddling.

IDEAS is typically used when teaching stroke or maneuver-based lessons. IES is typically used for theory or knowledge-based lessons.

IDEAS (Introduction, Demonstration, Explanation, Action, Summary)

Introduction

Why do I need to know this? Where will I use this?

Demonstration

A quality demonstration of the stroke or manoeuvre, with no talking, that considers the placement of the participant and provides them with the appropriate view of the skill.

Explanation

A concise explanation that a participant can reasonably remember - 3 points are best.

Action

The stroke or manoeuvre activity used to integrate the skill being taught. Remember to define the limits of the practice area. Feedback is given to the participants at this time.

Summary

Summarize the main points of what was taught and re-emphasize where the skill is used.

IES Method (Introduce, Engage, Summary)

Introduce

Provide a brief context of the activity.

Engage

Provide participant opportunities to discover lesson outcomes using engaging activities.

Summary

At the conclusion of the activity, consolidate learning with a concise set of points.

Progression

It is the intention of this manual to avoid prescribing a set progression for teaching Moving Water Skills Courses with the exception that our current approach is to start with carving.

Progression is impacted by many elements. Instructors should consider working sequentially relative to the skill being taught (using building blocks/strong foundations). Consider site features and utilize them to the advantage of the skill being taught. Weather, water releases, transportation, and fatigue are just some of the additional elements that can impact a progression. One should also be thinking sequentially in the sense that if we teach a skill, it should be immediately employed in a realistic situation.

Participant success influences when to advance to the next skill by providing either the need to move forward, or to return to a previous skill for practice or clarification. To a degree, progressions are meant to be flexible, adaptable and responsive to the needs of participants, logistics and environmental factors.

Note on Terminology

There can be many common names for various terms and instructors may use other acceptable terminology. For example, but not limited to:

• Front Ferry, as used in the manual, may also be called Forward Ferry or Upstream Ferry.
• Cut or Crossbow Cut, as used in the manual, may also be called a Static Draw or Static Cross-Bow Draw.

Goals

The four overarching goals of the Moving Water program are Carving Arcs, Lateral Movement, Reading Water and Risk Management. These goals are accomplished through instruction that leads to a full understanding of the necessary manoeuvres, strokes, skills, and knowledge by participants.

Carving Arcs

Participants must comprehend and demonstrate how manoeuvres are completed by carving the canoe along different arcs. In this sense, ‘carving’ is the action taken, while an ‘arc’ is the resulting shape of that action.

The Moving Water Solo Canoeing Program emphasizes paddling canoes on arcing paths (carving a canoe) and controlling the turning radius of the canoe through the use of hull and forward/cross-forward stroke components such as Cadence, paddle Angle, stroke Position and Tilt (CAPT).

By carving, participants develop an understanding of the presence and use of bow pinning waves. These waves are used to guide the bow of the canoe throughout carving manoeuvres.

Lateral Movement

Participants must demonstrate carving an arc across the current.

Moving a canoe laterally in current is fundamental to paddling moving water. Manoeuvres such as entering and exiting eddy pools, ferries, and S-Turns all incorporate lateral movement crossing the grain of the current.

Participants will learn to use CAPT to control the shape of the arc while moving laterally across current.

Reading Water

Participants must understand water features for the purpose of identifying preferred routes, hazards and features that can be used to assist manoeuvres.

Current and water features are recognizable by shape, colour and texture. By reading and identifying basic currents, paddler’s will use this information to create appropriate arcs to enter the downstream flow, eddy pools, and move laterally across the river.

Risk Management

Participants must identify and mitigate hazards that may be encountered in a moving water environment, including human factors.

Participants need to be aware of the risks and responsibilities they assume when they paddle, whether real or perceived. The topics presented in a moving water course are intended to ensure that participants are engaged in understanding and managing risks so their paddling experience can be fully enjoyed in as safe a manner as possible. Risk Management should be presented in a fun and engaging way throughout the course so as to build confidence and not fear.

Skills and Manoeuvres

Introduction

Participants need to perform the following manoeuvres in a consistent and controlled manner while demonstrating an understanding of program goals, skills and knowledge.

The intermediate skills progression, in part, relies on the use of Class II water features.

Eddy Exit Using a Wave Trough

Introduction

Eddy Exits using wave troughs to enter the current from an eddy pool allow participants to capture surf momentum and reduce paddling effort to perform the manoeuvre. Wave troughs represent the “doorways”, or easy access points to the current.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Determine the desired destination in the current and visualize an arcing path along a wave trough to connect the start and finish point.
2. From within the eddy pool, establish a carve that will enter the wave trough and follow the planned arcing path.
3. Initially the canoe enters the trough perpendicular to the trough line and depending on the next manoeuvre the direction the bow is pointing will differ for the following:
   1. C-Turn
   2. Front Surf
   3. Front Ferry
   4. S-Turn
4. Adjust the exit momentum from the eddy pool to allow for the canoe to surf the wave face while maintaining the arcing path. For example, exit momentum should equal the opposing force of the downstream current in order to capture an effective surf across the wave face toward the destination.

Action

Participants practice Eddy Exits using a wave trough into the current while maintaining control of the carve for the manoeuvre.

Summary

An Eddy Exit is accomplished by proper boat placement in a wave trough, while visualizing and carving an arc from an eddy into current.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, CAPT, River Anatomy, Stability, Reading Current and Canoe Design.

Eddy Entry: Crossing the Eddy Wedge

Introduction

Eddy Entries require a canoe to carve along an arc, from the downstream current, through an eddy wedge, and into the eddy pool while preserving momentum and control.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. From the current the canoe is paddled along an arc through the current line, eddy wedge, and across the pool line at approximately 90 degrees, and into the eddy pool.
2. CAPT is used to control the shape of the arc when crossing the eddy wedge and entering the eddy pool.
3. The manoeuver is completed when the canoe is in the eddy pool and the bow is pointing upstream.

Action

The paddler will carve an arc from the main current into the eddy pool while controlling the arc using CAPT.

Summary

Eddy Entries require the paddler to control the carve of the canoe along an arc through the dynamic eddy wedge and into the eddy pool.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, CAPT, River Anatomy, Stability, Reading Current and Canoe Design.

Sideslips within an Eddy Pool

Introduction

Sideslipping accurately positions the canoe in the eddy pool prior to a manoeuvre.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. The boat will be positioned with a sideslip using either the sculling draw or cross sculling draw.
2. The sideslip movement is lateral with minimal pivoting or forward/backward motion of the canoe.

Action

Paddler’s will position their canoe within the eddy pool prior to a manoeuvre.

Summary

Sideslipping with a sculling draw uses lateral movement to accurately position the canoe prior to a manoeuvre.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, CAPT, River Anatomy, Stability, Reading Current and Canoe Design.

Front Surf

Introduction

A Front Surf is used to position and hold your canoe on a wave while facing upstream. The canoe can be surfed in a stationary position as well as moved laterally across the wave.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Plan a path to the targeted surf wave using a trough.
2. With the canoe facing upstream, position the canoe perpendicularly to the wave so the upstream face of the wave is under or slightly behind the canoe saddle. This allows gravity to pull and hold the canoe on the upstream face of the wave.
3. Use a Surf Rudder to move sideways, as needed, and to maintain the front surf position.
4. As needed, use forward strokes and braking strokes to control the momentum of the front surf.
5. Leaning forward can help the canoe move closer to the trough, while leaning backward can move the canoe closer to the wave crest.

Action

Participants practice front surfing by paddling onto a wave and maintaining a surf where the canoe is stationary and also moves side to side.

Summary

A Front Surf uses gravity to generate momentum to stay on the upstream face of a wave.

Required Foundational Skills

River Anatomy, Eddy Exit Using a Wave Trough, Wave troughs, Surfing troughs, and Canoe Control.

Descending Back Ferry

Introduction

The Descending Back Ferry is used to slow the canoe’s descent in current and provide directional control either left or right while back paddling.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Stop or slow forward momentum.
2. Pivot the canoe so the stern points in the desired direction of travel.
3. Slow and manoeuvre the canoe with an appropriate mix of Reverse Strokes/Reverse J/Bow Draw.
4. Once desired location has been reached, resume forward travel and momentum.

Action

Participants practice slowing down and moving laterally in current.

Summary

Participants will use the Descending Back Ferry to move laterally against the current with the stern pointing in the direction of travel and the bow pointing downstream.

Required Foundational Skills

Reverse Stroke, Reverse J, Bow Draw, River Anatomy, Stability, Reading Current.

Wave Blocking

Introduction

Wave Blocking is used to keep water out of the canoe when colliding broadside with breaking waves, thus keeping the canoe lighter and more maneuverable.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Position canoe broadside (parallel) to the wave being blocked.
2. Tilt canoe upstream just before the foam pile at the top of the breaking wave while maintaining an upright body position using a J-tilt.
3. With your paddle, reach downstream past the wave crest and plant a draw stroke to pull the canoe up and over it. A vertical paddle shaft is key.
4. Once the breaking wave is passed, reposition the canoe and resume downstream travel.

Action

Participants practice Wave Blocking technique in a suitable environment.

Summary

Wave Blocking is a skill that allows paddler’s to keep water out of their canoe when breaking waves are encountered. This skill requires tilting the canoe upstream to be effective, which may be counterintuitive at first.

Required Foundational Skills

River Anatomy, Reading Current, and Balance & Stability. Draw or Cross Draw (Found in Introduction Solo Resource Manual).

Shifts

Introduction

When travelling forward, Shifts move the canoe a short distance laterally while remaining parallel to the current. Shifts are typically used to avoid rocks when navigating congested rapids where larger arcs may not fit the river feature.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Maintain momentum, as a Shift requires the canoe to be travelling faster than the current.
2. Ensure the canoe has a slight arc toward the obstacle to help counteract the natural tendency of the Cut Stroke to pivot the canoe.
3. Shift the canoe sideways away from the obstacle using the appropriate Cut or Cross Cut strokes.
4. During the manoeuvre, tilt away from the direction of the shift.

Action

Participants use Shifts to move the canoe in both left and right directions while descending a rapid. During the Shift the canoe remains nearly parallel to the current without stalling relative to the speed of the water.

Summary

Shifts move the canoe sideways to avoid obstacles while remaining more or less parallel to the current.

Required Foundational Skills

Cut Stroke, Cross Cut Stroke, River Anatomy and Balance & Stability

S-Turns with Wave Troughs

Introduction

An S-Turn is used to exit one eddy pool and move laterally to a downstream eddy pool on the opposite side of the river. This manoeuvre uses a wave trough to enter the current to capture surf momentum and then transitions from the first arc of the S-Turn to the second arc in a fluid motion.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. While the canoe may initially enter the wave trough perpendicular to the trough line, the direction the bow is pointing will ultimately ‘open’ (i.e. point toward the opposing shore) according to the arcing path used for the first arc.
2. Allow the canoe to surf across the wave face while maintaining the first arcing path for as long as necessary, then turn downstream and exit the wave.
3. Once the appropriate transition point is reached, initiate the second arc to complete the S-Turn.
4. Carve into the second eddy pool.

Action

Participants practice S-Turns using a Wave Trough into the current while maintaining control of their carves during the manoeuvre.

Summary

This manoeuvre uses a Wave Trough to enter the current and execute the first arc of an S-Turn, while maintaining control of the canoe.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, CAPT, S-Turn, River Anatomy, Stability, Reading Current and Eddy Exit Using a Wave Trough.

Front Ferries using Wave Troughs

Introduction

A Front Ferry uses a wave trough to build momentum while carving the canoe across the current with minimal movement downstream.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Plan an arcing path using a wave trough to the targeted eddy pool.
2. Begin the manoeuver by exiting the eddy pool on the wave trough.
3. Surf the wave laterally across the current.
4. On approaching the opposite eddy wedge, allow the bow to turn towards the eddy wedge, and initiate the opposing carving arc.
5. Carve across the eddy wedge, approximately 90 degrees to the pool line, into the eddy pool.

Action

Participants practice a Front Ferry laterally along a wave trough between eddy pools.

Summary

Surfing a wave trough during a Front Ferry minimizes downstream movement and decreases paddling effort.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, CAPT, Front Ferry, River Anatomy, Balance & Stability, Reading Current.

Knowledge

Specific skills and knowledge are required for participants to paddle in the Class II current. They build a foundational skill set that allows participants to feel comfortable to achieve the skills and manoeuvres outlined in this manual.

River Hazards

Introduction

Hazard awareness allows paddler’s to exercise risk management skills appropriate for the outing. Wherever possible, scouting and avoidance of these river hazards should be the first course of action taken by paddler’s.

Engage

Participants will discuss the following hazards that may be encountered on a Class II waterway.

Hydraulics

• When water flows over an obstacle and recirculates back onto itself resulting in a retentive hydraulic (‘hole’), wave and/or boil line.
• Flips canoe and may keep canoe and possibly paddler in one location.

Low-Head Dams/Long Ledges

• A linear obstacle or human-made feature which water passes over to create a uniform hydraulic on its downstream side.
• Often visible from upstream by a distinct horizon line feature.
• Flips canoe and traps both boat and paddler within the recirculating hydraulic current at the base.
• Can be difficult for swimmers and canoes/gear to manoeuvre out of or ‘escape’ from.

Pillow

• Water that is piled up in front or on top of a rock.
• Contact with rock may wrap, damage or capsize canoe.

River Bend

• Water flowing around a corner.
• Usually slower on the inside and faster on the outside.
• The outside of the bend can contain hazards such as sweepers, strainers and undercuts.
• Inside of bend can be shallow and lead to grounding.
• Current pushes canoes to outside of bend.

Sweepers & Strainers

• Tree branches and/or trunks hanging low over the river or just below the surface.
• Sweeps, tips or traps paddler and canoe.

Temperature/Weather

• The degree or intensity of cold or heat in a location.
• Rain and snowmelt impacting water level.
• Ice.

Wind

• Cold air or water may cause hypothermia.
• Hot environments may cause hyperthermia.
• Changing water level can change water classification/difficulty.
• Collisions with ice, or bank hazards.
• Wind impacts on navigation.

Undercuts

• Eroded shorelines where the water flows beneath the bank or obstacle (e.g. boulders), usually found on outside bends of rivers, that expose or collect debris.
• Water that flows beneath rocks found either along shore or midstream.
• Exposes the paddler to a riverbank or rock that may hold debris (rocks, tree roots, etc.) or that may flip or jam the canoe with limited exit points.

Waves

A water feature in the river caused by a sudden change in the riverbed or shoreline.

• Canoe takes on water.
• Pushes the canoe around.
• May cause instability resulting in a capsize.

Gravel Bar

• The riverbed rises to the surface.
• Shallow rivers may lead to grounding.

Rocky Riverbed

• Rocks beneath the surface.
• May pose an environment where swimmers are exposed to foot entrapments.

Other Obstacles (for example, Rocks or Bridge Piers)

• A solid object in the river (may be natural or human made).
• Damages canoe.
• Wraps or capsizes canoe.
• Foot or gear entrapment.

Summary

The possibility of hazards in moving water requires proper planning. For example, how to dress, what to take, routing and avoidance, where or when to go and trip plans.

River Anatomy

Introduction

The ability to identify river anatomy features provides a useful link between water reading skills and a more complete understanding of the river environment. Knowledge of these physical features will assist paddler’s with understanding the current, identifying safe routes and using river features to aid manoeuvres.

Engage

Participants will discuss the following features that may be encountered on a Class II waterway. Scouting from the canoe or stopping to scout from shore are possible options for paddler’s to identify river features.

Wave Trough

The depression between two wave crests.

Wave Crest

The highest part of the wave.

Wave Face

The wave surface downstream of the wave trough.

Diagonal Wave

A wave pointing out and downstream from an eddy pool, obstruction, or shoreline.

Eddy Wedge

The area of disturbed water between the Pool Line and Current Line has greater current differential (strength) than Class I.

Grain of Current

Bands of current flowing at different speeds and/or directions.

Downstream V

A ‘V’ shape pointing downstream that is formed when water flows between two obstructions or constrictions. The point of the ‘V’ is created where two diagonal waves meet. May be followed by multiple standing waves.

Mid-Stream Eddy Pool

An Eddy Pool that forms within the river channel itself (rather than along the shoreline) due to current encountering a mid-stream obstruction.

Tongue

Current falling down an increased gradient while being compressed between rocks, ledges or riverbanks.

Standing Waves

A group of 3 or more deep water waves created when fast water collides with slower water

Summary

Knowledge of river anatomy features will allow participants to understand the make-up of a river and how best to navigate those features.

Balance and Stability

Introduction

Strategic canoe placement with respect to water features plus the use of an active paddle blade are essential skills in solo canoeing. Together, they contribute to Balance and Stability while also improving control of movement in current.

Engage

Participants will observe and discuss Balance and Stability skills including strategic canoe placement, anticipating risks of instability, and the use of an active paddle blade, while effectively manoeuvring the canoe.

Balance: Canoe Placement

• During lateral moves, position the canoe within wave troughs to actively ‘cup’ the canoe for stability.
• When travelling downstream, follow depressions between wave crests, which represent stable routes through waves.
• While entering and exiting eddies, cross current transitions (e.g. current line) at sharp angles (45 - 90 degrees).

Stability: Active Paddle Blade

• Maintaining consistent water pressure on the paddle blade adds to stability.
• Actively stroking, sculling, and bracing will stabilize the canoe.
• Anticipate and target areas of unstable water and respond with an active blade.

Summary

Strategically placing the canoe in wave troughs during lateral moves help stabilize the canoe. Using an active paddle blade during times of instability will also enhance both Balance and Stability. Canoe placement and the use of an active paddle will further improve control, efficiency, and effectiveness in moving water.

Wave Troughs

Introduction

A wave trough is the depression between two wave crests. Canoeists paddle in these troughs when either exiting or entering eddy pools, to improve stability, maintain a dry line, and to aid momentum. Wave troughs that are adjacent to eddy pools act as natural doorways between the pool and the downstream current.

Engage

Paddler’s will identify wave troughs, their parts, and how they are used. In Class II (and beyond) whitewater, eddy pools are often bordered by waves in the current. When helpful, wave troughs can be surfed or traversed laterally to move across a current.

Troughs provide the advantage of forming a depression at the current line. This depression, or “open doorway”, eases entry into current as the canoe can “step down” into the downstream flow. In addition, exiting into a trough increases momentum as the canoe will surf on the wave face downstream of the trough. Finally, canoes entering current using troughs are cradled during the otherwise unstable transition from the eddy wedge current into the downstream current.

Summary

Wave troughs adjacent to eddy pools are doorways linking the eddy pool and downstream current and are often used in Eddy Exits and Entries, and Front Ferries. They improve stability, help keep a boat dry, and assist in maintaining or increasing momentum.

Surfing Troughs

Introduction

Surfing wave troughs provide momentum in the opposite direction to the downstream current. A canoe is surfing when its centre of gravity is placed between the wave’s trough and the crest on the downstream side, so it creates upstream momentum as it slides down the wave face.

Engage

Though surfing has its practical uses (i.e., eddy exits), most would agree that a stationary surf adds to the enjoyment of river running. Controlled surfing also plays a key role in skill development by enhancing stroke precision and boat control.

Participants will discuss how wave troughs are used for surfing. Momentum generated from surfing can be used to assist manoeuvres out into current. A surf is often an essential component of any successful eddy exit. Most cross-current manoeuvres can be completed with greater ease when a surf is included in the route plan.

Waves, especially diagonal waves adjacent to eddy pools, can often be surfed along their trough axis out into current. Surfing troughs can yield a significant boost in speed and reduce the effort of canoeists entering and travelling to their next destination.

As a pathway, the trough often indicates the best location for arcs into and across current. The trough serves to reduce the resistance of crossing current lines, helps build momentum, cradles the canoe, improves stability, and provides the driest line through current.

Summary

Canoeists surf wave troughs to generate momentum against the downstream current. Surfing can aid manoeuvres such as Eddy Exits and Entries, and Front Ferries or be enjoyed for the simple satisfaction of holding a position on the river against the flow of current.

Reading Current

Introduction

Water reading is literally the language of the river. By observing visible changes in water texture and colour, the river reveals features and characteristics of the current. As a skill, water reading can be used to assist the movement of the canoe while also warning of potential hazards to navigation.

Engage

Participants will identify the colour and texture of water features.

Observing changes in colour may be as simple as identifying light versus dark coloured water. Water may also appear shimmering or matte, perhaps blue compared to black, or even grey contrasting to green. Regardless of the description, the important part is that a change has occurred.

Changes in texture may include observations of smooth, flat, bubbly, pebbly, gravelly, boily, rough, or wavy water. Again, any observed change may reveal something about the current and even the anatomy of the riverbed.

Using visual clues to identify changes in currents, canoeists can use this information to help plan a route, move the canoe, time strokes, stabilize their movement and avoid hazards.

Seeing these features in accurate detail will guide the use of CAPT to cross current boundaries, assist in anticipating the impact of the downstream current, and help determine the shape of the arc to complete the manoeuvre.

For example, during an Eddy Exit, participants can use water reading to anticipate the arc shape necessary for entry into the downstream current. By visually identifying the contrast in the colour and texture of the eddy pool, eddy wedge and downstream current, canoeists can map out the boundary features of the pool line and current line.

Wave Trough

• Wave depression is bounded by the height of water both upstream and downstream.
• Often the darkest portion of the wave relative to the wave peak.

Wave Crest

• Height of water is bounded by depressions both upstream and downstream.
• Often the brightest portion of the wave relative to the bottom of the wave.

Wave Face

• The slanted front portion of the upstream side of the wave.
• May exhibit a mix of light and dark as the water transitions from crest to trough.

Diagonal Wave

• Wave crest and trough oriented at an angle to the direction of current flow.
• Parallel pattern of light and dark waves arranged diagonal to the direction of current flow.

Pillow Wave

• A raised hump of water that may appear as an upstream pointing ‘V’ resulting from water riding over a rock or that is caused by water colliding with a riverbank.
• Alternating light crests and dark troughs.

Standing Waves

• A series of peaks and valleys evenly spaced and often displaying lessening height and depth in the downstream direction.
• Alternating light crests and dark troughs.

Downstream V

• A tongue of water bounded by diagonal waves appearing as a downstream pointing ‘V’ shape.
• Lighter V shaped waves on either side of a dark tongue.

Tongue

• Relatively smooth and fast downstream current within a downstream V.
• A dark band of fast-moving water flowing downstream.

Grain of Current

• Alternating bands of varying water texture (indicating changes in current) often appear as rough/smooth.
• Alternating bands of light and dark water with streams of bubbles aligned with individual currents.

Mid-Stream Eddy Pool

• A flatwater pool behind a mid-stream rock or obstruction.
• An area of dark water downstream of a mid-stream rock or obstruction.

Eddy Wedge

• Bubbly, boily, and/or swirly water bounded by the current and eddy pool lines.
• Often a mid-tone colour between that of the current and eddy pool (e.g. shade of grey).

Summary

Using observations of colour and texture of moving water, participants will be able to identify pertinent water features.

Strokes

In whitewater canoeing, paddle strokes need to be performed with maximum efficiency and effectiveness. Purposeful strokes that decisively aid the movement of the canoe from point to point are the signs of efficient stroke performance.

Stroke Timing and Placement

Stroke efficiency and effectiveness are enhanced by the strategic timing and placement of every stroke. Targeting a stroke to account for water features can impact how easily the canoe travels through a manoeuvre.

Some features are best navigated by timing a stroke, so it connects with the feature at the same time the canoe contacts it. For example, if cresting a wave, planting the paddle at the crest to pull through the wave while stabilizing the canoe as it travels up and over the wave can be useful.

On other occasions, placing the stroke before the feature of interest is ideal. An example is when crossing the eddy wedge during an eddy entry. Placing the stroke just prior to the current line and again just ahead of the pool line offers maximum control over the arc of the moving canoe.

Using the minimum number of strokes necessary to effectively perform a maneuver is also an important objective, as this improves efficiency and allows the paddler to maintain energy.

Paddler’s will be assessed for their understanding of stroke timing, placement, efficiency, and effectiveness during manoeuvres.

Common Terminology and Concepts

1. Shaft and grip hands stacked (vertical shaft with grip hand aligned above the shaft hand)
2. Power and non-power face (indicating which side of the paddle face is pulling water)
3. Onside and offside (indicates the side of the canoe the paddler is paddling on)
4. Paddler’s should have an appropriate size and style of paddle for moving water

The strokes that follow in this section are in addition to the Introduction level strokes and are described specifically for the Intermediate solo paddler. Stroke dynamics will evolve with experience, proficiency, and boat type.

Stroke Legend

SLAM Stroke

Introduction

The SLAM Stroke (SLAM = Slanted paddle with Added Momentum) is a unique forward stroke that changes the canoe’s path from an onside arc to an offside arc. The SLAM Stroke is mostly used while carving using CAPT.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. To transition the canoe from the onside carve to the offside carve, flatten the hull prior to the SLAM stroke.
2. Reach the paddle blade out from the onside knee by slanting the shaft.
3. Quickly pull the blade parallel to the canoe past the hip and finish with a stern draw.
4. Pause long enough to allow the canoe to change direction before adding the next stroke on the offside.

Action

While carving, a paddler uses the SLAM Stroke to change from an onside arc to the offside arc.

Summary

The SLAM Stroke is used to transition from an onside arc to an offside arc. The SLAM Stroke is a unique form of forward stroke where the paddle is slanted and pulls from the knee past the hip.

Cross SLAM Stroke

Introduction

The Cross SLAM Stroke (SLAM = Slanted paddle with Added Momentum) is a unique forward stroke that changes the canoe’s path from an offside arc to an onside arc. The SLAM Stroke is mostly used while carving using CAPT.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. To transition the canoe from the offside, carve to the onside carve, flatten the hull prior to the SLAM stroke.
2. Reach the paddle blade out from the offside knee by slanting the shaft.
3. Quickly pull the blade parallel to the canoe past the hip and finish with an offside stern draw.
4. Pause long enough to allow the canoe to change direction before adding the next stroke on the onside.

Action

While carving, a paddler uses the Cross SLAM Stroke to change from an offside arc to the onside arc.

Summary

The Cross SLAM Stroke is used to change from an offside arc to an onside arc. The Cross SLAM Stroke is a unique form of cross forward stroke where the paddle is slanted and pulls from the knee past the hip.

Sculling Draw

Introduction

The Sculling Draw manoeuvres the canoe laterally to the onside. The paddle is kept in the water for the duration of the stroke, which increases stability and allows for stroke blending.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. The paddler turns to face the onside gunnel and places the paddle vertically at the hip with the blade parallel to the boat and grip hand thumb pointing towards the stern.
2. The vertical paddle shaft then moves back and forth close to and along the side of the canoe.
3. The leading edge of the blade is oriented slightly away from the canoe in both the forward and reverse directions, which maintains water pressure on the blade’s power face.
4. The angle of the blade and length of the stroke should be similar in the forward and reverse directions to minimize forward or backward canoe motion.
5. The stroke should be centered on the midpoint of the canoe to reduce pivoting.

Action

Participants move the canoe laterally to their onside using the Sculling Draw.

Summary

The Sculling Draw is used to move the canoe laterally to the onside with stability.

Cross Sculling Draw

Introduction

The Cross Sculling Draw manoeuvres the canoe laterally to the offside. The paddle is kept in the water for the duration of the stroke, which increases stability and allows for stroke blending.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. The paddler turns to face the offside gunnel and places the paddle vertically at the hip with the blade parallel to the boat and grip hand thumb pointing towards the bow.
2. The vertical paddle shaft then moves back and forth close to and along the side of the canoe.
3. The leading edge of the blade is oriented slightly away from the canoe in both the forward and reverse directions, which maintains water pressure on the blade’s power face.
4. The angle of the blade and length of the stroke should be similar in the forward and reverse directions to minimize forward or backward canoe motion.
5. The stroke should be centered on the midpoint of the canoe to reduce pivoting.

Action

Participants move the canoe laterally to their offside using the Cross Sculling Draw.

Summary

The Cross Sculling Draw is used to move the canoe laterally to their offside with stability.

Bow Cut

Introduction

The Bow Cut is used to tighten the arc of the canoe to the paddler’s onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Place the paddle vertically adjacent to the onside knee with hands stacked and the grip thumb pointing toward the paddler.
2. The blade is placed in the water with the leading edge rotated away from the canoe.
3. The degree of the rotation depends on how much the paddler wishes to tighten the arc (e.g. more rotation = tighter arc).
4. The range of rotation is 0° to 45° with respect to the leading edge of the blade.

Action

The paddler uses the Bow Cut during a carving manoeuvre to tighten the arc of the canoe.

Summary

The Bow Cut is used, when necessary, to tighten the arc of a turning canoe to the paddler’s onside.

Crossbow Cut

Introduction

The Crossbow Cut is used to tighten the arc of the canoe to the paddler’s offside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Place the paddle vertically adjacent to the offside knee with hands stacked and the grip thumb pointing away from the paddler.
2. The blade is placed in the water with the leading edge rotated away from the canoe.
3. The degree of rotation depends on how much the paddler wishes to tighten the arc (e.g. more rotation = tighter arc).
4. The range of rotation is 0° to 45° with respect to the leading edge of the blade.

Action

The paddler uses the Crossbow Cut during a carving manoeuvre to tighten the arc of the canoe.

Summary

The Crossbow Cut is used, when necessary, to tighten the arc of a turning canoe to the paddler’s offside.

Surf Rudder

Introduction

The Surf Rudder controls left-to-right movement and uses the resistance of the water against the paddle blade’s power and non-power face to move the canoe. Primarily used when Front Surfing, it can also be used to adjust position and direction in other types of manoeuvres.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Turn the torso toward the stroke and place the shaft hand and blade behind the onside hip and the grip hand just outside the gunwale. The grip and shaft hands work together to control the blade.
2. Control the direction of the canoe by twisting the T-grip to create drag on the blade.
3. To turn the canoe away from the paddle, twist the T-grip thumb toward the shoulder and push the bottom edge of the power face down while pulling inward against the current.
4. To turn the canoe toward the paddle, twist the T-grip away from the shoulder and push the bottom edge of the non-power face down while pushing outward against the current.

Action

Participants demonstrate the use of the Surf Rudder while Front Surfing.

Summary

The Surf Rudder, by twisting the T-grip, is used when Front Surfing to control the canoe’s side-to-side movement on a wave.

Braking Stroke

Introduction

Often used while Front Surfing, the Braking Stroke is used to slow the canoe’s forward momentum.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Position the paddle parallel to the canoe and behind the body.
2. The paddle shaft is held low and relatively close to the water.
3. Use the non-power face to push down and create resistance to the passing current.
4. Adjust the downward pressure to increase or decrease resistance relative to the amount of braking effect that is required to hold a surf position on a wave.

Action

Paddler’s will demonstrate the Braking Stroke to control the canoe’s speed and help position the canoe on a surf wave.

Summary

The Braking Stroke is most frequently used while Front Surfing to adjust speed as necessary to hold a position on a wave.

Reverse Stroke

Introduction

The Reverse Stroke is used to move the canoe backward or slow its downstream momentum when in current. The Reverse Stroke is often used repetitively during a Descending Back Ferry.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. On the paddler’s onside, start the blade behind the hip next to the canoe.
2. Place the shaft hand adjacent to the hip with the grip hand reaching across the body.
3. Both hands are over the water alongside the gunwale.
4. Using the non-power face, the paddle blade is pushed vertically toward the knee. Once the stroke is completed the blade is either removed from the water or blended with a steering stroke.

Action

Participants practice using a series of Reverse Strokes in current, while maintaining control of the canoe.

Summary

The Reverse Stroke is used to propel a canoe backwards or to slow it down, often in a Descending Back Ferry manoeuvre.

Reverse J

Introduction

The Reverse J stroke provides momentum while moving the bow away from the paddler’s onside during a Descending Back Ferry.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. At the end of a Reverse Stroke rotate the grip hand thumb downward to the elbow and slice the blade forward toward the bow.
2. Pull the grip hand toward the paddler’s mid-line, and with the gunwale as a fulcrum, use the non-power face to push water away from the canoe.
3. To recover, lift the blade from the water and begin the next stroke.

Action

During a Descending Back Ferry, the participant executes a Reverse J stroke to move the bow away from their onside.

Summary

The Reverse J stroke is used to move the bow away from the paddler’s onside during a Descending Back Ferry.

Bow Draw

Introduction

The Bow Draw is used to turn the bow of the canoe to the paddler’s onside during a Descending Back Ferry.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Following the Reverse Stroke, turn the grip thumb downward and place the blade forward 45° away from the bow with the grip hand positioned above the gunwale.
2. Extend the grip hand away from the canoe using the shaft hand as a fulcrum and push water toward the bow (scissor motion).
3. To recover, lift the blade from the water and prepare for the next stroke.

Action

While performing a Descending Back Ferry the participant applies the Bow Draw, when needed, to move the bow of the canoe towards their onside.

Summary

The Bow Draw is performed at the end of a Reverse Stroke, or on its own, to turn the canoe to the paddler’s onside during a Descending Back Ferry.

Running High Brace

Introduction

The Running High Brace is used to maintain stability when moving forward while descending wavy or boily currents. The Running High Brace uses the resistance of the water against the paddle blade to steady the paddler.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Reach the paddle out beside the canoe in line with the knee position
2. The shaft hand elbow is tucked close to the paddler’s side, while the grip hand is stacked over the shaft hand, creating a near vertical paddle shaft.
3. The power face begins parallel to the canoe and resistance (i.e. stability) is controlled by gently twisting (and untwisting) the leading edge outward from the hull.

Action

Participants will demonstrate use of the Running High Brace to maintain stability.

Summary

The Running High Brace is used when the canoe is in motion to stabilize the paddler and canoe. If a capsize is imminent, paddler’s will transition from the Running High Brace to either a Low Brace or Righting Pry.

Risk Management

Managing Risk

Introduction

Being properly prepared for river travel reduces the potential of hazards impacting individuals or a group navigating a river run.

Engage

Participants will discuss the following topics:

1. Transport Canada Small Vessel Regulation (minimum requirements): Lifejacket, signaling device, 15 m buoyant rope, and bailer.
2. Preparing the group: Risk management begins with having a supportive group that commits to paddling together and keeping an eye on one another. Within this team, members will be aware of the preparedness of themselves and the others in the group. All should have a PFD, helmet (always required in canoes with outfitting), appropriate clothing, and requisite mindset and skill for the river. Additionally, each canoe will have proper outfitting. Within the group, it is recommended at minimum having a float plan, extra paddle, and first aid kit.
3. A review of all signals should be done prior to entering the river. In addition to the Introduction level of signals, Instructors may add signals, if necessary, bearing in mind that river signals must be kept simple and to a minimum.
4. Understand that environmental conditions may influence additional risk mitigation strategies. For example, air temperature may guide paddler’s to carry water or extra clothing to respond to issues of hydration, sun exposure, or thermal regulation. Cold water temperatures may require spare warm/dry clothing, fire making material, or shelter. Remote or isolated areas may necessitate alternate forms of outside communication. Any anticipated unique environmental conditions will need to be accommodated.
5. Before venturing on Class II rivers, it is advisable to gain background knowledge on the water characteristics, access and egress points, portage options, and any natural or human-made hazards. Experience, local knowledge, guidebooks, internet sites, and other sources of information may prove valuable.
6. Paddler’s should be prepared and able to paddle Class II whitewater. Being familiar with wave features, wave patterns, recirculating eddies, ledges, hydraulics and chutes is necessary for Class II moving water. Paddler’s need to be able to manoeuvre through or around Class II features.
7. Canoeists are strongly encouraged to seek additional training to further skills in river rescue and first aid.

Summary

Understanding the risks associated with Class II moving water will help paddler’s prepare for and respond to the range of hazards that may be encountered during an outing.

Paddler’s Right-of-Way and River Etiquette

Introduction

When navigating moving water, paddler’s follow an informal set of guidelines that provide a universal understanding of safe and respectful progress down a river.

Engage

Participants will discuss the following:

1. A Paddler’s Right-of-Way refers to a boat approaching from upstream and having the ‘right’ (i.e. priority) to pass other boats waiting in an eddy pool or slack current. The rationale is that the boat descending the river in faster current has less options to avoid a collision in the event that a second craft were to enter the same current in front of the approaching boat and should be given the right-of-way. This rule applies to all boats, including canoes, kayaks, rafts, SUPs, etc.
2. When front surfing a wave, padders must still yield to upstream paddler’s.
3. It is common etiquette to pull boats to the side to not block a trailhead when getting out to scout or portage a rapid. Similarly, carrying a throw bag during shore scouting is considered a good practice in order to support other paddler’s on the river.

Summary

Following the paddler’s right-of-way helps support paddler safety when navigating rivers. Etiquette and kindness to other boaters will also improve overall safety and contributes positively to the overall river experience.

Canoe Over Canoe Recovery

Introduction

A Canoe Over Canoe Recovery is one technique that can be used to rescue and empty a capsized canoe. It is performed by a separate rescuer and the recovery takes place directly on the water.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Participants should only attempt a Canoe Over Canoe Recovery when conditions are deemed safe to do so. The safety of the rescuer and members of the group must come first.
2. Approach the capsized canoe so its end is positioned adjacent to the midship of the rescuer’s canoe. It is often easiest if this is done on the rescuer’s onside. Ensure the canoe is upside down for this technique to work.
3. Secure the rescuer’s paddle, then place the nearest hand to the capsized canoe on top of its hull. While maintaining balance, the other hand reaches over to grasp the capsized canoe’s grab loop (or deck) and begins lifting the boat upwards.
4. The canoe is lifted and slid over the rescuer’s gunwales until all water is emptied from it.
5. The canoe is then rolled upright and slid back into the water.

Action

Participants practice Canoe Over Canoe Recoveries in a flatwater environment.

Summary

The Canoe Over Canoe Recovery occurs directly on the water by a single rescuer and is used to rescue a capsized canoe and empty it.

Resources and Flatwater Drills

Paddle Canada recognizes the importance of getting paddler’s onto moving water quickly for an exciting and enjoyable experience. Flatwater skills are the foundation for the Moving Water program. Through the introduction of flatwater drills, paddler’s then move quickly to the moving water environment to enhance experiential learning.

Carving Figure 8s with Edge-to-Edge Transition

Introduction

This drill provides the opportunity for participants to practice both CAPT carving skills and edge-to-edge transitions while paddling a figure eight circuit. This is also useful preparation for performing S-Turns.

Engage

After the introduction of CAPT, paddler’s can be tasked with paddling a figure eight circuit. This drill provides the opportunity to build and maintain momentum, initiate arcs in both directions, and use CAPT elements (i.e. Forward/Cross-Forward Stroke + Cadence/Angle/Position/Tilt) to perform arcs of the ‘8’ using both edges as required.

The edge-to-edge transition is an important focus when the canoe is carving in one direction and then switches to a carve in the opposite direction. Paddler’s must hold an onside tilt until the completion of the first circle of the ‘8’ and then transition to the next circle by first flattening out the canoe, executing a ‘SLAM’ stroke, and then tilting the other way toward the inside of the second circle.

Summary

Participants complete multiple figure eights while practicing CAPT and edge-to-edge transitions.