Lake Canoe Introduction Tandem Skills Resource Manual

Introduction

The Lake Canoe Introduction Tandem Skills program is an 8-hour program designed for individuals who wish to receive certification in Introduction Lake canoe tandem skills and knowledge, such as basic strokes, stability, straight line paddling, pivots and turns, and safety when paddling on a calm lake environment.

Lake Program Mission

To promote and teach the necessary knowledge, skills, and safe use of paddling canoes on all Canadian waterways. Through our support for a safe, enjoyable, and accessible paddling community, we develop a love and respect for the environment and nature as well as an understanding of canoeing’s place in our Canadian heritage.

General Learning Outcome

Participants should feel confident in performing basic manoeuvres in the canoe. At this level emphasis is placed on boat movement rather than paddler form.

How To Use This Manual

The objective of this manual is to provide a concise reference that presents the Lake Canoe Basic Tandem Program in a practical lesson plan format. The manual is organized around the understanding that lake canoe manoeuvres are built on a set of strokes, skills and manoeuvres, knowledge, and a set of risk management principles.

Goals

• Controlled Momentum
• Turns
• Environment Awareness
• Risk Management

The Lake program has four underlying goals: Controlled Momentum, Turns, Environment Awareness, and Risk Management all of which are incorporated throughout the course material.

Controlled Momentum and Turns are presented in the Skills and Manoeuvres, Knowledge, and Stroke sections. They are presented in a lesson plan format using Paddle Canada’s recommended paddler-centred pedagogical approach to skill and knowledge instruction (IDEAS/IES). This approach provides an easy and logical presentation of the material, and it provides an organized framework for the instructor to use for a lesson plan.

Environment Awareness and Risk Management are integrated sections and the knowledge contained within them runs throughout the entire manual and should be incorporated throughout courses.

This document is designed to be an interconnected and interactive quick reference manual. Sections in the Table of Contents, are linked to the area you can find them. Individual sections are also cross referenced with links to other relevant sections of the manual. For example, at the bottom of each manoeuvre page you will find a linked quick reference section called Skills and Knowledge Required allowing the user to quickly navigate to information on any of the specific skill or knowledge elements involved in performing that manoeuvre. With time the manual will also be enriched by linking to multimedia resources providing demonstrations of manoeuvres, skills, strokes and explanations of knowledge concepts.

The suggested Skills and Manoeuvres sequence is designed to build on skill and stroke progression. Specific Knowledge and Risk Management are required for canoeists to paddle on a lake and should be incorporated throughout courses. Courses should engage the participants with the canoe and the environment as quickly as possible. Safety protocols should be introduced as they relate to specific hazards encountered or potentially encountered.

Pedagogy - Paddler-Centred Learning and Progression

Participants are typically entering the course with the goal of learning basic strokes to control the canoe. Paddle Canada’s teaching methods favour paddler participation.

The IDEAS and IES methods of teaching are highly recommended as foundational teaching methods for Paddle Canada Instructors. They provide a proven, paddler-centred approach to course delivery across Canada. Learning is enhanced when participants are engaged and active in the discovery of paddling.

IDEAS is typically used when teaching strokes or manoeuvre-based lessons. IES is typically used for theory or knowledge-based lessons.

IDEAS (Introduction, Demonstration, Explanation, Action, Summary)

Introduction

Why do I need to know this? Where will I use this?

Demonstration

A quality demonstration of the stroke or manoeuvre, with no talking, that considers the placement of the participant and provides them with the appropriate view of the skill.

Explanation

A concise explanation that a participant can reasonably remember - 3 points are best.

Action

The stroke or manoeuvre activity used to integrate the skill being taught. Remember to define the limits of the practice area. Feedback is given to the participants at this time.

Summary

Summarize the main points of what was taught and re-emphasize where the skill is used.

IES Method (Introduce, Engage and Summary)

Introduce

Provide a brief context of the activity.

Engage

Provide participant opportunities to discover lesson outcomes using engaging activities.

Summary

At the conclusion of the activity, consolidate learning with a concise set of points.

Skills and Manoeuvres

At this level emphasis is placed on boat movement rather than paddler form.

The following strokes will be introduced:

• Draw: for pivots,
• Stern Draw: directional control,
• Push Away and Pry: for pivots,
• Stern Pry: for directional control,
• Forward and Reverse: for momentum,
• Bracing Strokes
  • Deep Brace (Drop Skeg): stationary brace,
  • Sculling Low Brace: stationary brace, and
  • Low Brace (basic): possible capsize bracing.

Canoe Carry

Introduction

Carrying a canoe requires proper lifting techniques, balance, and clear communication between partners to safely move the canoe to or from the water’s edge.

Demonstration

Explanation

Below are three possible “suitcase style” options for consideration.

Option 1: Two Person Carry

1. On opposite sides (to balance out the canoe), one partner is at the front (bow) and the other at the back (stern).
2. Together, the participants will take hold of the grab loops or deck handles and lift, with the knees not the back, to carry the canoe.
3. The lead will identify hazards and adjust the pace for the stern paddler as the canoe may block the visibility of the terrain.
4. Communication between partners regarding obstacles and walking pace will improve the safety of the carry.

Option 2: Three Person Carry

Either one in front and two in back or two in front and one in back to lift and carry the canoe.

1. The lead/bow person(s) uses a secure bow grab loop/solid handle or deck plate (solid gunwales by the seat with two people) to lift and carry the canoe.
2. The lead will communicate possible hazards and adjust the pace for the person or folks in the back, as the canoe may block the visibility of the terrain.
3. At the back the canoe will be lifted by either the stern grab loop/handle or the gunwales, on opposite sides if being lifted by two people.
4. Communication between partners regarding obstacles and walking pace will improve the safety of the carry.

Option 3: Four Person Carry

Two in the front and two in the back.

1. Standing on either side of the canoe, front and back, by the seats, lift the canoe using the gunwales or thwarts.
2. The lead will communicate possible hazards and adjust the pace for the rear folks as the canoe may block the visibility of the terrain.

Action

Participants will carry a canoe a short distance. The method used in a canoe carry may vary due to canoe weight, distance to carry, participant ability, or terrain. Participants will select a method that is safest for the circumstances using two or more people.

Summary

When safely carrying a canoe to and from the water it’s important to remember to communicate, set an appropriate pace, and to balance out the canoe.

Launching a Canoe

Introduction

Launching a canoe requires the canoe to be fully floating on the water, as well as teamwork, balance, and proper lifting technique.

Demonstration

Explanation

Option 1: Shoreline Launch

Paddlers will:

• move to the centre of the canoe, opposite each other, and lift using the gunwales,
• move to the shoreline and lower the stern end into the water,
• hand over hand, move the canoe into the water until it is completely floating, and
• position the canoe based on the launching method.

Parallel Shoreline Launch

Ensure the canoe is fully supported by the water, parallel to the shoreline.

Bow Paddler: Steadies the canoe as the stern person enters the canoe.

Stern Paddler Enters:

1. Places the paddle across the two gunwales.
2. Keeps a low centre of gravity and braces on the paddle or gunwales.
3. One foot at a time, steps into the centre line of the canoe, just in front of their seat.
4. Sits/kneels in place and steadies the canoe by bracing with a Drop Skeg or Sculling Low Brace.

Bow Paddler Enters:

1. Places the paddle across the two gunwales.
2. Keeps a low centre of gravity and braces on the paddle or gunwales.
3. Steps into the centre line of the canoe, just in front of their seat, one foot at a time.
4. Sits or kneels in place at the bow seat.

Perpendicular Shoreline Launch

Ensure the canoe is fully supported by the water, perpendicular to the shoreline, with the bow closest to the shoreline.

Bow Paddler: Steadies the canoe by supporting the canoe between their knees and holding onto the gunwales, while the stern person enters the canoe.

Stern Paddler Enters:

1. Places the paddle across the two gunwales.
2. Keeps a low centre of gravity and braces on the paddle or gunwales.
3. One foot at a time, steps into the centre of the canoe.
4. Walks to the stern seat, turns around, and sits or kneels down.
5. Steadies the canoe by bracing with a Drop Skeg or Sculling Low Brace.

Bow Paddler Enters:

1. Places the paddle across the two gunwales.
2. Keeps a low centre of gravity and braces on the paddle or gunwales.
3. Either:
   1. steps into the centre of the canoe, just in front of their seat, one foot at a time, gently pushes off the shoreline, turns around and sits or kneels down, or
   2. moves into the shallow water to the side of the canoe, facing the bow, steps into the bow one foot at a time and sits or kneels down.

Option 2: Dock Launch

Paddlers ensure the canoe is placed on the dock parallel to the water.

1. Paddlers move next to each other at the centre of the canoe and lift the canoe by the gunwales, using the knees not the backs.
2. Slowly walk to the edge of the dock until the toes are at the edge.
3. Slowly lower the canoe down so it slides in and floats parallel to the dock.
4. Enter the canoe depending on the dock height.

Bow Paddler: Steadies and extends the bow out away from the dock so the stern end is closer to the dock.

Stern Paddler Enters:

1. Sits with feet hanging down into the canoe (or standing) on the edge of the dock and places the paddle in the canoe.
2. Hands on the dock (or gunwales), steps into the centre line of the canoe, one foot at a time.
3. Keeping a low centre of gravity, sits or kneels in place.
4. Steadies the canoe by holding the dock and extends the stern out to ensure the bow is closer to the dock.

Bow Paddler Enters:

1. Places the paddle into the canoe.
2. Keeps a low centre of gravity and braces on the gunwales.
3. Steps into the centre line of the canoe, just in front of their seat, one foot at a time, and
4. Sits or kneels in place at the bow seat.

Action

Participants will launch a canoe.

Summary

When launching a canoe, ensure it is completely floating, use teamwork and proper technique.

Landing a Canoe

Introduction

Landing a canoe requires the canoe to be fully floating on the water, as well as teamwork and proper technique.

Demonstration

Explanation

Option 1: Shoreline Landing

Parallel Landing

Ensure the canoe has stopped, is floating, and is parallel to the shoreline.

Stern Paddler: Steadies the canoe by bracing the canoe.

Bow Paddler Exits:

1. Places the paddle across the two gunwales or stows it in the canoe.
2. Rises up, keeps a low centre of gravity, while bracing on the gunwales or paddle.
3. Steps from the centre of the canoe out into the shallow water.
4. Steadies the canoe for the stern paddler to exit the canoe.

Stern Paddler Exits:

1. Places the paddle across the two gunwales or stows it in the canoe.
2. Rises, keeping a low centre of gravity while bracing on the gunwales or paddle.
3. Steps from the centre of the canoe, out into the shallow water and then steadies the canoe.

Perpendicular Landing

Ensure the canoe has stopped, is floating, and is perpendicular to the shoreline with the bow pointing to the shore.

Stern Paddler: Steadies the canoe by bracing the canoe.

Bow Paddler Exits:

1. Places the paddle across the two gunwales.
2. Rises, keeps a low centre of gravity while bracing on the gunwales or paddle.
3. Steps from the centre of the canoe, out into the shallow water, then steadies the canoe.

Stern Paddler Exits:

1. Places the paddle across the two gunwales or stows it in the canoe.
2. Rises, keeping a low centre of gravity while bracing on the gunwales or paddle.
3. Steps towards the bow or steps out into the shallow water at the side of the canoe.

Participants will reverse the Shoreline Launch sequence to land and get the canoe out of the water.

Option 2: Dock Landing

Paddlers ensure the canoe is landed parallel to the dock.

Stern Paddler: Steadies and extends the stern out away from the dock so the bow is closer to the dock.

Bow Paddler Exits:

1. Places the paddle into the canoe.
2. Rises, keeps a low centre of gravity while bracing on the gunwales.
3. Shifts the hands to hold the dock, and either:
   1. steps out of the centre of the canoe onto the dock, or
   2. shifts so they are sitting on the dock, and
4. Steadies the canoe and extends the bow out to ensure the stern is closer to the dock.

Stern Paddler Exits:

1. Places the paddle into the canoe
2. Rises, keeps a low centre of gravity while bracing on the gunwales.
3. Shifts the hands onto the dock, and
4. Either:
5. steps out of the centre line of the canoe, one foot at a time, onto the dock, or
6. shifts so they are sitting on the dock.

Participants will reverse the Dock Launch sequence to land and get the canoe out of the water.

Action

Participants will land a canoe.

Summary

When landing a canoe, ensure it is completely floating, use teamwork and proper technique.

Canoe Stability

Introduction

Sitting in the centre of the seat or kneeling in a canoe enhances the stability.

Engage

Have the participants first sit in the middle of the seat, if possible, with the paddles is out of the water. Participants will gently rock the canoe. Then have them move to the kneeling position or brace their knees against the gunwales. With paddles still out of the water, gently rock the canoe. Ask the participants which position feels more stable.

Summary

Kneeling or bracing the knees against the gunwales increases the paddlers’ stability in a canoe.

Pivot Turn

Introduction

Pivot turns are used to turn a stationary canoe to face a new direction.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Participants communicate which direction the canoe will pivot.
2. Participants use Draw strokes to pivot the canoe.
3. Stop the pivot using the Push Away stroke.
4. Reverse the direction of the pivot by using Push Away strokes.
5. Stop the pivot using the Draw stroke.

Action

Participants will demonstrate pivoting the canoe in both directions.

Summary

Pivots are performed when the canoe is stationary to face a new direction.

Circles

Introduction

Circles are practiced to demonstrate control when moving around an object.

Demonstration

Explanation

Circles with a Stern Draw (turn away from the stern paddler’s side)

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Participants will generate forward momentum. Bow paddler uses Forward strokes on the right.
2. The stern paddler, on the left, uses Stern Draws to start a circle to the right.
3. The stern paddler can use a combination of strokes as needed (Forward, Stern Pry, J, or Stern Draw) to control the shape of the circle.

Action

Participants practice paddling in circles.

Circles with Stern Pry (or J) Stroke (turn toward stern paddler’s side)

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Participants repeat the above manoeuvre going in the opposite direction.
2. The stern paddler, on the left, uses a Stern Pry (or J) stroke to start a circle to the left.
3. The stern paddler can use a combination of strokes as needed to control the shape of the circle.

Action

Participants practice paddling in circles.

Summary

Circles are a great way to showboat control when paddling around an object.

Forward Paddling

Introduction

Forward paddling is used to move the canoe along a pathway.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Participants initiate momentum with forward strokes.
2. The stern paddler uses a Stern Draw or Stern Pry (or J) to correct the direction of the canoe.
3. The stern paddler contributes to the forward momentum by using the forward stroke when no correction is required.

Action

Participants paddle the canoe forwards.

Summary

Forward paddling is a fundamental manoeuvre needed to move the canoe forward.

Reverse Paddling

Introduction

Reverse paddling is used to move the canoe along a pathway in a backward direction.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Participants will back up the canoe using reverse strokes.
2. Looking over their shoulder, the bow participant will use draws or pushaways to correct the direction of the canoe.
3. The bow participant contributes to the reverse momentum by using a reverse stroke when no correction is required.

Action

Participants will back up the canoe.

Summary

Reverse paddling is a fundamental manoeuvre needed to move the canoe backwards.

Forward Paddling with Turns

Introduction

Move the canoe forward and turn to travel in a new direction.

Turns with Draws (turn away from the stern paddler’s side)

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Bow paddler on the right side and stern padder on the left side.
2. Generate forward momentum to approach the buoy on the bow paddler’s right side.

Bow Paddler:

1. Continues paddling forward throughout the turn.

Stern Paddler

1. As the canoe passes the buoy, the stern paddler uses Stern Draw strokes to turn right, until the new direction is achieved.
2. The stern paddler uses a Stern Pry (or J) stroke to stop the turning momentum.
3. The stern paddler may ask the bow paddler to do a draw stroke to tighten the turn.

Action

Participants practice paddling forward and turning right.

Turns with Push-Away (turn toward stern paddler’s side)

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Participants repeat the above manoeuvre with the stern paddler doing a Stern Pry (or J) stroke to turn left.
2. The buoy is on the bow paddler’s left side.

Action

Participants practice paddling forward and turning left.

Summary

Turning under momentum requires proper strokes, timing and communication.

Stopping

Introduction

Stopping a canoe is a crucial safety skill that directly manages momentum to avoid collisions with obstacles, other boats, or shorelines.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. The bow paddler will communicate the need to stop.
2. Simultaneously participants use a reverse stroke, stopping the stroke at the hip.
3. Hold in place with a vertical paddle or repeat the stroke if the canoe hasn’t stopped.

Action

Participants will practice stopping the canoe with clear communication on when to stop.

Summary

A reverse stroke stops forward momentum.

Sideslip (stationary)

Introduction

The Sideslip allows the canoe to move sideways when docking, rafting up, and when rescuing canoes.

Demonstrate

Explain

1. The bow person on the left and the stern person on the right.
2. The paddlers move the canoe sideways using complimentary Draw and Pry (or Push Away) strokes.
3. To Sideslip to the right the bow person will do Push Aways or Prys and the stern person will do Draws.
4. To Sideslip to the left, the bow person will do Draws and the stern person will do Push Aways or Prys.

Action

Participants will Sideslip the canoe both right and left.

Summary

Sideslipping the canoe assists with docking, rafting up, and canoe rescues.

Changing Positions

Introduction

Changing Positions allows participants to switch ends to experience different canoeing positions. This should be done in a way that participants feel the most comfortable.

Demonstration

Options: Shore, Raft Up, or On Water Alone

Demonstration

Changing Positions on Shore

1. Participants will land and exit the canoe.
2. Switch Positions and launch the canoe.

Changing Positions Rafting Up

Participants will raft up with another canoe. Participants in the designated canoe will switch ends while the participants in the other canoe will steady both canoes.

Designated Canoe:

1. Stern paddler will Drop Skeg/Deep Brace while the bow person prepares to move.

Bow Person (going to the stern):

1. Places paddle behind them with the grip pointing to the stern.
2. Rises and braces on the gunwales and while keeping their centre of gravity low, steps back over the bow seat to the larger section (in front or behind the centre thwart).
3. Kneel down to lower their body and head with their hands on the bow seat or centre thwart.

Stern Person (going to the bow):

1. Places paddle in front of them with the grip pointing to the bow.
2. Communicates to the bow paddler how they will be moving forward.
3. Rises and braces on the gunwales.
4. While keeping a low centre of gravity, either steps over or beside the bow paddler and then steps over the bow seat.
5. Kneels or sits down and retrieves their paddle.
6. Performs a Drop Skeg and communicates to their partner they are “ready”.

Bow Person (continuing to the stern)

1. Rises and braces on the gunwales.
2. Steps back to the stern seat and kneels or sits down.
3. Retrieves their paddle and communicates to their partner that they are ready to go.

Changing Position on Water Alone

Repeat the above steps without the second canoe steadying them.

Action

Participants will practice switching ends using a method that meets their comfort level.

Summary

Changing Positions allows participants to switch ends to experience different canoeing positions. Communication is critical to ensure that both participants know what to do and inform of their progress.

Knowledge

Proper Lifejacket Fitting

Introduction

A properly fitted lifejacket/PFD (Personal Flotation Device) keeps the swimmer at the surface of the water.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Ensure the zippers are open, buckles are unclipped and straps are expanded.
2. Put the lifejacket on and close the zipper, clip the buckles and tighten the straps.
3. The lifejacket should be snug to the body so when pulled up by the shoulder straps the jacket doesn’t rise up over the ears or nose.
4. The paddling partner will ensure the lifejacket/PFD is properly adjusted and secured.

Action

Participants put on lifejackets/PFDs and partners check they are secure.

Summary

A properly fitted lifejacket/PFD allows the paddler to stay at the surface of the water.

How to Size a Paddle

This topic will be based on what paddles are available and the participants’ needs.

Introduce

Choosing the right size paddle helps with efficiency and overall comfort to the paddler.

Engage

At this level we size the paddle anywhere between the arm pit and the nose. Have participants look over the paddle selection to choose an appropriate size.

Summary

This is a quick and easy way to choose a paddle that is comfortable for participants’ needs. With more experience and training, there are other methods for selecting a paddle that will further enhance technique and efficiency.

Parts of Canoe and Paddle

Introduce

Learning the names of the different parts of the canoe and paddle will be helpful when using it.

Engage

Instructors can review parts of the canoe and paddle that they will be using at the beginning of the course or throughout the course. (Reference Canoe Games Resource). Canoe: bow and stern, bow and stern seats, thwarts, deck plates/handles, gunwales, keel-line, and hull. Paddle: grip, shaft, blade, and tip.

Summary

Knowing these parts will help in communication when canoeing.

Care for Equipment

Introduce

Proper equipment care is essential to ensure it remains in top working condition, safe to use, and significantly extends its lifespan.

Engage

Option to engage the participants:

• Break out into 2-3 groups and in 3 minutes come up with 3 ways to take good care of the canoe, paddle, lifejacket/PFD, and throw bag.
• Groups return and share their ideas.
• Examples of answers:
  • Canoe: lift, don’t drag; avoid rocks; stop before landing on shore or dock; store the canoe away from the water; clean the canoe off after paddling; sit in the canoe only when it is floating.
  • Paddle: tip on toe when standing on shore; tip clear of dirt or rocks; treat it like a paddle not a hockey stick or baseball bat; store off the floor (hanging not leaning) and out of the sun; don’t step on it.
  • Lifejacket/PFD: use only as a safety device; don’t sit on it or step on it; store it out of the sun and dirt; ensure the zippers and buckles work; keep clean; wash with water or mild detergent.
  • Throw bag: use only as a safety device; avoid dirt; keep it clean; wash in water; deploy and hang to dry when wet; keep out of the sun; avoid knots; properly stuffed.

Summary

Proper equipment care keeps it in good condition, safe to use, and extends its lifespan.

Bowline Knot

Introduce

A Bowline knot is universally considered an essential, secure, and easily released knot within the canoeing community. It is used to tie painters onto the canoe and tether the canoe to a dock or shore.

Engage (or Demo)

Hand out a diagram of the Bowline Knot or demonstrate and explain how it is done.

Summary

The Bowline Knot is a common knot used to tie a painter to the canoe and to tether the canoe to a dock or the shore.

Concepts

Introduction

Understanding certain paddling concepts provides participants with a foundational vocabulary that will be used throughout the course.

Engage

Participants will engage in a discussion, throughout the course, to familiarize themselves with the following paddling concepts:

• low centre of gravity,
• body position and body rotation,
• centered (sitting vs kneeling),
• keel-line,
• tendency for the canoe to veer off course,
• onside and offside, indicates the side the paddler is paddling on,
• a fully immersed blade,
• slice or slicing the blade,
• feather the blade,
• grip and shaft hand placement, and
• balance and trim affect the movement and stability of the canoe.

Summary

Paddling concepts provide paddlers with a vocabulary that is used within the Lake program.

Hazards

Introduction

Hazard awareness allows paddlers to exercise risk management skills appropriate for the outing.

Engage

Participants will discuss or engage in an activity that identifies hazards that may be encountered in and around a beachfront area. These items can be integrated throughout the course depending on the environment.

Beachfront or access to waterfront

• uneven ground, rocks, slippery surfaces, beach chairs, trees, bushes, driftwood, debris (glass, etc.)

Results

• falls, stumbles, injury, equipment damage

Dock

• slippery, uneven wooden panels
• poor construction, lack of maintenance
• unbalance
• too high for entering or exiting the canoe

Results

• injuries
• off balance
• sinks, damages canoe

Wind

• sudden changes
• offshore

Results

• blown off course, away from shore
• creates waves

Weather

• Sun, rain, snow
• sudden changes (for example, lightning, wind)
• hot or cold temperatures

Results

• sun burn, dehydration, hyperthermia
• hypothermia, frostbite
• canoe takes on water
• electrocution

Waves

• sudden changes, increase size direction

Results

• canoe takes on water
• pushes canoe around
• may cause a capsize

Water

• the degree or intensity of cold
• rain, wind, and snow/ice-melt
• current, water levels

Results

• hypothermia
• pushes canoe around
• loss of shoreline

Human

• swimmers, boats, and their wakes

Results

• injury or confusion with others
• collisions
• pushes canoe around

Wildlife

• nesting, feeding, natural habitat of birds, beavers, turtles, etc.

Results

• aggressive interaction between wildlife and participants
• nesting, disruption of wildlife habitat

Canoe and Paddle

• loose or broken gunwales, seats, thwarts
• cracked or broken paddles

Results

• Inability to lift, carry or transport canoe
• slivers, cuts, injuries

Summary

The possibility of hazards requires proper planning. For example, where to walk, how to dress, what to take, where or when to go and trip plans.

History (local or national) and Resources

These topics can be presented to the participants in the form of added information within a welcome letter, debrief of the course, or a handout. Historical reference items could be from regional or local individuals, clubs, or connecting with references in the Paddle Canada Canoe History resource document. Participants should be made aware of additional canoe course resources from Paddle Canada, or provincial organizations, canoe clubs, etc.

Risk Management

Personal Preparation

Introduce

Being properly prepared for waterfront activities or lake outings increases the enjoyment and comfort of the individual and reduces risks.

Engage

A “Welcome Letter” to course participants ensures participants are well prepared for the course.

During the course, a “PaddleSmart” handout or activity is an excellent option to inform and better prepare participants beyond the course.

Participants should be made aware of the following:

• proper footwear,
• dressing for the water, weather, changing conditions, prevention,
• possible capsize or swamping of the canoe, what actions to take,
• food and hydration, and
• PaddleSmart: Trip Plan, Taking the Essentials, and Training.

Summary

Being prepared for paddling means a more enjoyable and comfortable time for the individual.

Safety Considerations

Introduce

A safety briefing prior to venturing out on the water prepares the participants to what is legally required and other items that will make for an enjoyable, safe, and comfortable paddling experience.

Engage

The instructor leads a safety briefing, and a “Question and Answer” summary, prior to venturing out on the water.

The participants should be familiar with:

• Transport Canada Regulations: lifejacket/PFD, bailer, 15 m of buoyant rope (throw bag), signal device (whistle), and a waterproof flashlight if traveling at dawn or dusk or in limited visibility,
• whistle signals
• location of first aid kit, first aid station, emergency phone,
• warming location in case of a swim,
• how to properly secure items in the canoe and on their body, if needed, and
• a properly worn lifejacket/PFD during on water activities.

Other items that may be discussed:

• ensure everyone is properly dressed for the conditions,
• confirm, if relevant, the vehicles are locked and keys are in a safe place,
• Muster Point location,
• know and discuss the weather forecast and its impact on the day’s course,
• daily plan; what to expect, include time frames for paddling, breaks, lunch, and other goals,
• ensure all paddlers have their own gear safely stowed and waterproofed, (including clothing, food, medicine, phones, water, etc.),
• review emergency procedures including whistle signals, and capsize and rescue procedures,
• communicate to the instructor when needing to leave the group,
• allow time for questions or comments, and
• confirm everyone is ‘zipped and clipped’.

Summary

A safety briefing ensures participants are prepared for the course and feel comfortable prior to starting.

Communication

Introduce

Communication between paddling partners ensures everyone understands what is expected so each manoeuvre is completed successfully and safely.

Engage

Engage the group in an activity where communication between partners is required to achieve the outcome. For example, Dead Fish Polo within the Canoe Games Resource document.

Summary

Communication between partners makes a more enjoyable experience when paddling in tandem.

Safe Rescue Procedure

Introduce

Knowing what will happen in case of capsize reduces panic and allows for better decision making.

Engage

Review the rescue procedure with the participants. The swimmers will:

• breathe and stay calm,
• hang onto the canoe and paddle,
• blow the whistle three times, and
• wait for direction from the instructor.

Paddlers may be introduced to the theory of the HELP and Huddle positions.

Summary

Knowing exactly what to do when a canoe capsizes, primarily staying calm, staying with the canoe, and waiting for direction from the instructor, allows for an optimal rescue.

Strokes

Draw

Introduction

The Draw is used to move the canoe toward the paddler’s onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Rotate to face the paddle, reach out from the mid-thigh to fully immerse the blade, parallel to the canoe.
2. Pull the canoe to the paddle.
3. To recover, the grip hand drops down, forward towards the gunwale (the blade is sliced out behind the paddler).
4. Repeat if necessary.

Action

Participants will execute a Draw to move their end of the canoe towards their onside.

Summary

The draw moves the canoe towards the paddlers onside. If done at the same time with the tandem partner the canoe will pivot.

Stern Draw

Introduction

The Stern Draw is used by the stern person to move the bow of the canoe away from the stern paddler’s onside or to initiate a turn towards the sterns offside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Slice the paddle blade 45° away from the stern of the canoe.
2. The shaft hand is extended out and away from the hip and acts as a fulcrum.
3. The grip hand begins the stroke located above the onside knee.
4. Punch the grip hand outward accompanied by rotating the torso for added power.
5. To recover, slice the blade upward and out of the water and then forward to prepare for the next stroke.

Action

The stern paddler will execute a Stern Draw to move the bow of the canoe away from the stern paddlers onside. This can be used to initiate or tighten a carve.

Summary

The Stern Draw is used by the stern paddler to turn the bow of the canoe away from the paddlers onside. The stern draw is usually done after a forward stroke. However, if you need a quick adjustment a stern draw can be done on its own without a forward stroke.

Push Away

Introduction

The Push Away is used to move the canoe away from the paddlers onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

Push Away

1. With the paddle shaft horizontal and the blade parallel with the keel line, slice the blade into the water.
2. The grip hand is moved up so the paddle is vertical.
3. Push the shaft hand away from the canoe keeping the grip hand in place.
4. To recover, slice the blade back out of the water and back to the canoe by dropping the grip hand down towards the gunwale. Repeat if necessary.

Action

Participants will execute a Push Away to move their end of the canoe away from their onside.

Summary

The Push Away turns the canoe away from the paddlers onside. If done at the same time with the tandem partner the canoe will pivot.

Pry

Introduction

The Pry is used to move the canoe away from the paddlers onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. With the paddle shaft horizontal and the blade parallel with the keel-line, slice the blade deep into the water.
2. The grip hand is moved up so the paddle is vertical as the shaft hand rests on the gunwale.
3. Pull the grip hand over the onside knee.
4. To recover, rotate the blade 90° (thumb pointed away from the canoe) to slice the blade back through the water to the canoe while pushing the grip hand back over the shaft hand.
5. Turn the blade back to its starting position to begin the next stroke.

Action

Participants will execute a pry to move their end of the canoe away from their onside.

Summary

The Pry stroke is to turn the canoe away from the paddlers onside. If done at the same time with the tandem partner the canoe will pivot.

Stern Pry

Introduction

The Stern Pry is used by the stern person to initiate a turn towards the stern’s onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

• Slice the paddle blade alongside the canoe toward the stern with the grip hand thumb up.
• The shaft hand is at the hip, just above the gunwale, while the grip hand is extended just beyond the gunwale adjacent to the onside knee. This positions the blade flat against the stern of the canoe.
• Pull the grip hand quickly inward to a position above the onside knee.
• The stroke uses the gunwale as a fulcrum.

Action

The stern paddler will demonstrate the use of a stern pry to turn the canoe to their onside.

Summary

The stern pry is used by the stern paddler to turn the canoe toward the paddlers onside.

Most of the time the stern pry is done after the forward stroke to ensure momentum is maintained. However, if you need a quick adjustment without a forward stroke a single stern pry can be done on its own.

“J”

Introduction

The J Stroke is used by the stern paddler to counteract the tendency of the canoe to veer away from the stern paddlers onside, or to turn the canoe towards the stern paddlers onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. At the end of a forward stroke when the shaft hand reaches the hip, rotate the grip so that the thumb of the grip hand points forward and down.
2. The paddle blade is close to the hull, parallel to the keel-line and fully immersed in the water.
3. The extended grip hand is pulled from the outside of the gunwale to just inside the gunwale. The shaft hand or the gunwale may be used as a fulcrum.
4. Slice the blade out of the water.

Action

The stern paddler will use the J Stroke to counteract the canoe veering away from their paddling side.

Summary

The J Stroke is used by the stern paddler to counteract the tendency of the canoe to veer away from the stern paddler’s onside or to turn the canoe towards the stern paddlers onside.

Forward

Introduction

The forward stroke is used to move the canoe forward and to stop the canoe when paddling in reverse.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Rotate the upper body towards the paddler’s offside and fully immerse the blade.
2. Unwind, pull the shaft hand back towards the hip. The grip hand is now forward of the shaft hand.
3. When the shaft hand is at the hip, slice the paddle blade out of the water.
4. Rotate the body to repeat.

Action

Participants will paddle forward using the Forward stroke.

Summary

The Forward stroke is used to propel the canoe forward.

Reverse

Introduction

The reverse stroke is used to move the canoe backwards or to stop the canoe when paddling forward.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Rotate the upper body towards the paddler’s onside and slice the paddle blade into the water to fully immerse the blade behind the hip.
2. Unwind, push the shaft hand forward towards the knee. Both hands are over the water.
3. When the shaft hand is at the knee, slice the paddle blade out of the water.
4. Rotate the body and repeat if necessary.

Action

Participants will practice backing up with the Reverse stroke.

Summary

The Reverse stroke is used to propel the canoe backwards or to slow down.

Deep Brace/Drop Skeg

Introduction

The Deep Brace offers canoe stability as well as slows a sideways drift due to wind.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. The paddle shaft is horizontal and parallel with the gunwale and the blade is parallel to the keel-line and perpendicular to the water.
2. Slice the blade deep in the water until the paddle shaft is vertical at the onside knee position.
3. The grip arm should be horizontal at chest height.
4. The shaft hand “locks” to the gunwale and the grip arm is held rigid in place.

Action

Participants will alternate rocking the canoe while their partner braces. Start off with a gentle rock and then increase based on comfort.

Summary

The Deep Brace offers stability when the canoe is stationary and slows a sideways drift due to wind.

Sculling Low Brace

Introduction

The Sculling Low brace is a stroke that adds stability to the canoe when stationary. It can be seen as a temporary outrigger.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Rotate to the onside and choke up the shaft hand.
2. Extend the paddle blade out horizontally over the water with the grip hand low over the onside thigh.
3. Sweep the blade back and forth ensuring the leading edge of the blade is slightly raised. Like spreading butter thinly on toast or icing on a cake.
4. Apply gentle and consistent force/pressure down on the shaft as the blade moves across the water.

Action

Participants will alternate, where one is rocking the canoe and the other is bracing. Start off with a gentle rock and then increase based on their paddling partner’s comfort.

Summary

The Sculling Low Brace offers additional stability when a stationary canoe becomes unstable.

Low Brace

Introduction

To return a capsizing canoe to the upright position. The stroke utilizes the water resistance against the paddle blade as the canoe is capsizing towards the paddlers onside.

Explanation

1. Place the paddle horizontally out over the water and perpendicular to the gunwale.
2. Knuckles of both hands are down in a “push up” position.
3. The blade is raised above the water with shaft hand choked up and the grip hand positioned low and close to the onside knee.
4. Push/slap the blade down onto the water and then pull the blade towards the canoe while keeping the blade on top of the water.

Action

Participants will alternate, performing the Low Brace. Start off with a gentle tilt to one side and then tilt to the other side. Each paddler will demonstrate a Low Brace as the canoe is tilted to their side.